What Is High-Functioning Autism?
When people hear the term "high-functioning autism," they often think of someone on the autism spectrum who doesn't show many traits typically associated with the condition. It sounds simple, but understanding what this term means can be tricky.
High-functioning autism simply refers to individuals on the spectrum who have fewer challenges than others with autism. However, high-functioning autism is not an official diagnosis, and it can oversimplify the experiences of individuals on the autism spectrum.
The Basics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects how a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with others. It includes a wide range of behaviors, such as difficulties in communication, challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, or intense interests in specific topics.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) classifies ASD into three levels based on the amount of support a person needs:
Level 1 (Requiring Support): This is often associated with what some may consider high-functioning autism. People at this level might have difficulty with social interactions and need some support with communication and organization, but they can typically function independently in many areas of life.
Level 2 (Requiring Substantial Support): These individuals may have more noticeable difficulties with social interactions and communication. They require more support in daily life, especially when it comes to flexibility in routines and handling changes.
Level 3 (Requiring Very Substantial Support): Individuals at this level experience significant challenges in social communication and may have severe difficulties with changes in their environment or routines. They need intensive support in nearly all aspects of life.
What Does Level 1 Autism Look Like?
The key to understanding high-functioning autism, as it is commonly described, is recognizing that it manifests in different ways for each person. Some common traits include the following:
Social Challenges: Even though a person may appear socially capable, they may struggle to read social cues or understand unwritten social rules. They might not understand sarcasm or may feel overwhelmed in group settings.
Specific Interests: People with high-functioning autism often have deep interests in specific topics. This can sometimes lead to hyperfocus, where they spend a lot of time learning about or engaging with a particular interest, sometimes to the detriment of other activities.
Difficulty with Change: People on the spectrum, including those who are considered high-functioning, may find changes in their routine or environment difficult to manage. This can lead to anxiety or stress if things do not go according to plan.
Misconceptions About Level 1 Autism
One common misconception is that individuals with high-functioning autism do not experience significant challenges. Just because a person can speak clearly, hold a job, or engage in some social situations does not mean they are without struggle. Their challenges are not always visible to others, which is why it's essential to approach individuals with high-functioning autism with empathy and understanding.
How to Support Someone with Autism
Supporting someone with high-functioning autism starts with acknowledging their unique needs and challenges. Here are a few ways to offer support:
Respect Boundaries: If someone is overwhelmed by social situations or certain sensory experiences, respect their need for space or time to recover.
Create Structure and Routine: Predictability can help reduce anxiety. If possible, try to establish routines that are clear and consistent.
Provide Opportunities for Social Skills Practice: Social interactions can be challenging. Role-playing or guided practice in social situations can help improve confidence and understanding.
Seeking Guidance
"High-functioning autism" is not an official term in the DSM-5, and it can oversimplify the experiences of people with ASD. Tailored support can help those with ASD, including those at Level 1, thrive.
It may be helpful to seek guidance from a therapist who specializes in autism and neurodivergent conditions. Schedule an appointment with my practice to learn more about how to better support individuals with ASD.